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Genel Çöller Nasıl Oluşur? 18 Nisan 2019 11:26
Öncelikle belirtmek gerekir ki çöller yeryüzündeki her kıtada görülebilir. Çöllerin ortak özelliği çok az yağış almalarıdır.
Sıcak ve nemli hava yükselerek tropikal bölgelere doğru hareket eder. Yani çöllerin oluşumu, yüksek basınçtan kaynaklanan kuru havadır. Yükseldikçe yoğunlaşan hava soğur ve her iki yarım küredeki 30. enlemlerde alçalır. Hava daha sonra üzerindeki basınç nedeniyle sıkışır ve ısınır. Böylece nem tutma kapasitesi artar.
Bu bölgelerde ortalama olarak yıllık 200 mm’nin altında yağmur yağar. Çölün üzerinde bulutsuz bir hava olduğu için güneş ışınları doğrudan topraktaki suyu buharlaştırır. Aynı zamanda okyanustaki soğuk akıntılar ve yağmur gölgesi de çöllerin oluşmasına gerekli olan nedenlerdendir.
Yağmur Gölgesi Olayı Nedir?
Ilıman bölgelerdeki karaların batı kıyılarında soğuk su akıntıları görülür ve bu deniz yüzeyinin soğumasına neden olur. Bu yüzden hava kütlesi soğur. Soğumuş hava kütlesinin su tutma kapasitesi azalmıştır ve yağmur kıyılara ulaşmaz.
Buna örnek olarak Atakama Çölü, Namib Çölü verilebilir. Yağmur gölgesi olayı da bu şekilde gerçekleşir. Denizlerden karaya ilerleyen nemli hava, kıyıda dağ sırası ile karşılaştığında yamaç boyunca yükselir ve yağış bırakır.
Bulutlar iç bölgelere ilerler ve hava kuru olur, alçalırken ısınır. Buna örnek olarak Mojave Çölü verilebilir. Dünya üzerinde belirlenmiş en yüksek sıcaklık da burada oluşmuştur. Ölüm Vadisi adı verilen bölgede sıcaklık 56,7 derece olarak ölçülmüştür.
Çölde Yaşam
Çölde yaşayan tilki, tavşan, çakal gibi hayvanlar gündüzün sıcağında uyur ve gece hava serinlediğinde yiyecek aramak için ortaya çıkar. Bazı hayvanlar ise çok az suyla yaşayabilirler. Örneğin develer günlerce su içmeden yürüyebilirler.
Bu yüzden çöllerde daha çok develer kullanılır. Çöl bitkileri suyu, etli gövdelerinde ve yapraklarında depolar. Kaktüsler ise yağmurdan sonra şişerler ve suyu kullandıkça incelirler.